588 A.2d 1080
(8884)Appellate Court of Connecticut
NORCOTT, FOTI and CRETELLA, Js.
Convicted of the crime of possession of a narcotic substance with intent to sell by a person who is not drug-dependent, the defendant appealed to this court. Held: 1. The defendants claim that his conviction was based on insufficient evidence was unavailing; the evidence presented included sufficient indicia of ownership on the part of the defendant to support the jury’s determination that he had constructive possession of cocaine that was seized from behind the passenger seat of the parked car in which he and another man were seated at the time of his arrest. 2. The defendant’s claim of unreasonable search and seizure was not reviewable, he having failed to preserve that claim at trial and the record being inadequate for review. 3. The defendant’s claim that the trial court should not have allowed the jury to be told at the start of trial that he was being charged as a person who is not drug-dependent was not reviewable, he having failed to demonstrate that that unpreserved claim was of constitutional magnitude. 4. The defendant could not prevail on his claims that the trial court should not have admitted a certain hearsay statement and that the prosecutor committed prosecutorial misconduct when he argued that that statement showed the defendant’s consciousness of guilt; that testimony, having been offered not for its truth but to show that it had caused suspicion in the officer who had heard it, was not hearsay, and the prosecutor’s comment was not blatantly egregious nor was it part of a pattern of misconduct. 5. The defendant’s challenge to the trial court’s jury instruction on reasonable doubt was unavailing; taken as a whole, the instruction given gave the jurors a clear understanding of the state’s burden of proof, and it was not reasonably possible that they were misled. 6. The trial court improperly excused the state from making a showing of need to retain the defendant’s presentence investigation report; accordingly, the case was remanded with direction to order the prosecuting attorney to return all copies of that report.
Argued December 3, 1990
Decision released April 2, 1991
Substitute information charging the defendant with the crime of possession of cocaine with intent to sell by a person who is not drug-dependent, brought to the Superior Court in the judicial district of Middlesex and
Page 348
tried to the jury before Arena, J.; verdict and judgment of guilty, from which the defendant appealed to this court. Reversed in part; judgment directed.
Kent Drager, assistant public defender, with whom, on the brief, was G. Douglas Nash, public defender, for the appellant (defendant).
Carolyn K. Longstreth, assistant state’s attorney, with whom, on the brief, was John Redway, state’s attorney, for the appellee (state).
NORCOTT, J.
The defendant appeals from the judgment of conviction, rendered after a jury trial, of possession of a narcotic substance with intent to sell by a person who is not drug-dependent in violation of General Statutes 21a-278
(b). He challenges (1) the sufficiency of the evidence for his conviction, (2) the admission of evidence allegedly obtained in violation of his right against unreasonable searches and seizures, (3) the reading of the information to the jury at the start of trial, (4) the admission of an alleged hearsay statement, (5) the trial court’s instructions on reasonable doubt, and (6) the trial court’s decision allowing the state’s attorney to retain a copy of the presentence investigation report.
The jury could have reasonably found the following facts. On June 18, 1989, Officer William Clayton of the Middletown police department was patrolling the north end of Middletown, an area known for drug trafficking, in a marked police cruiser. At approximately 10 p.m., he received a radio message dispatching him to the area of 39 Liberty Street to check on a suspicious vehicle. Officer Kevin Singleton was also sent to Liberty Street as a back-up officer.
When Clayton turned onto Liberty Street, the only car he saw was a red Chevrolet Beretta. Two people
Page 349
were seated inside the car and a third was standing on the sidewalk near the passenger window, apparently leaning into the car. As Clayton pulled behind the Chevrolet, Singleton arrived and parked his cruiser in front of the car, boxing it in.
When the officers approached the car, the person who had been standing at the passenger door began to walk away rapidly. Clayton and Singleton called to him to return. When he did, Clayton recognized him as T, a fifteen year old whom Clayton had seen many times in suspicious circumstances. Singleton then interviewed T.
Clayton approached the driver, who was still in the car, and asked him for identification. He learned that the driver was Theodore Bennett of East Haddam. Clayton asked Bennett what he was doing on Liberty Street, and Bennett responded that he was going to the Cromwell Burger King. Dissatisfied with this answer, Clayton asked Bennett how to get to his stated destination, but Bennett did not know.
Clayton then went to the passenger side of the car where the defendant was seated. Because the defendant appeared reluctant to answer Clayton’s questions, Clayton asked him to get out of the car. As the defendant got out of the car, Clayton saw several $100 bills tucked loosely into the map pocket on the inside of the passenger door. He closed the door, escorted the defendant to the rear of the car and asked him for identification. When the defendant opened his wallet, Clayton saw a pistol permit. He asked the defendant if he was carrying a weapon, and the defendant answered that he was not. Clayton next asked the defendant if there were any guns in the car, and the defendant asserted that there were not.
The officers then searched the car for weapons. Singleton entered the car from the passenger side. As he
Page 350
bent to look under the passenger seat, he saw a plastic bag protruding from between the passenger seat and the front console. Singleton pulled the bag out and saw that it contained a white powdery substance that he believed to be narcotics. Singleton seized the bag and Clayton placed the defendant, Bennett and T under arrest.
Singleton continued to search the car and found a brown paper bag on the floor behind the passenger seat. In it he found a wooden pipe with a dirty filter, a tube partially filled with a yellowish liquid, a large plastic cup, a smaller container with a cover and a second plastic bag that held a white, powdery and rocky substance.
The defendant was then searched incident to his arrest. A $100 bill was found in his pants pocket and seized. The five $100 bills in the map pocket of the passenger door were also seized. The defendant, Bennett and T each denied ownership or knowledge of the $500.
At the Middletown police station, Officer David Christiana inventoried the contents of the defendant’s wallet. Inside the wallet he found several pieces of paper. On some slips were names with telephone numbers and on another were many of the same names with other figures. Christiana testified that these papers appeared to be records of drug transactions, listing quantities of drugs delivered and amounts of money owed. Christiana also described the practice of drug dealers of diluting cocaine with other substances and testified that several of the items found in the paper bag could have been used in that respect.
Subsequent testing revealed that neither the plastic bag taken from the front seat of the car nor the tube contained a narcotic substance. The other items found in the paper bag, however, including the white powdery and rocky substance, tested positive for cocaine.
Page 351
I
The defendant first claims that his conviction was based on insufficient evidence. Specifically, he alleges that the state failed to present sufficient evidence to establish that he possessed the cocaine found behind the passenger seat of the car.[1] We disagree.
It is axiomatic that, in reviewing a claim of insufficient evidence, this court must determine, viewing the evidence presented in the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict, whether “the trier could have reasonably concluded, upon the facts established and the inferences reasonably drawn therefrom, that the cumulative effect of the evidence established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Zayas, 195 Conn. 611, 620, 490 A.2d 68 (1985). Therefore, the question before us in this case is whether, from the facts presented at trial, it was reasonable and logical for the jury to determine that the defendant had constructive possession of the cocaine that was seized from behind the passenger seat of the car.
General Statutes 21a-278 (b) requires proof that the defendant possessed a narcotic substance. To establish possession, the state must show beyond a reasonable doubt that “the defendant knew the character of the substance, knew of its presence and exercised dominion and control over it.” State v. Alfonso, 195 Conn. 624, 633, 490 A.2d 75 (1985); see also State v. Brunori, 22 Conn. App. 431, 435-36, 578 A.2d 139, cert. denied, 216 Conn. 814, 580 A.2d 61 (1990). “Where the defendant is not in exclusive possession of the premises where
Page 352
the narcotics are found, `it may not be inferred that [the defendant] knew of the presence of the narcotics and had control of them, unless there are other incriminating statements or circumstances tending to buttress such an inference.’. . .”(Citations omitted.) State v. Alfonso, supra. Thus, “the presence of the defendant near the contraband without more is insufficient to support an inference of possession.” State v. Brunori, supra, 436.
In this case, there was sufficient other indicia of ownership to support the defendant’s conviction. The defendant was seen seated in a parked car conversing with an individual who was well known to the police in an area known for drug trafficking. Five $100 bills were loosely tucked into the map pocket of the passenger door next to the defendant, and another $100 bill was found in his pants pocket. In addition, the defendant was carrying what appeared to be drug records in his wallet. This evidence, combined with the fact that the drugs and drug paraphernalia were discovered on the floor of the car directly behind the defendant, shows a pattern of drug dealing and, as such, sufficiently supports the jury’s verdict.
There is no merit to the defendant’s claim that the papers found in his wallet cannot be used to show that he possessed the cocaine seized. In support of this claim, the defendant asserts that Christiana believed that those papers were drug records only because he assumed a fact properly left for the jury’s determination, i.e., that the defendant possessed the cocaine that was seized. At trial, however, Christiana testified that he believed that the papers were drug records not because he thought that the defendant was found in possession of the cocaine seized but because of the circumstances of the defendant’s arrest and the
Page 353
character of the other items that were seized. Thus, the use of the papers found in the defendant’s wallet is not, as he suggests, circular reasoning.
II
The defendant next claims that the trial court improperly admitted evidence obtained in violation of his state and federal constitutional rights against unreasonable searches and seizures. Specifically, he challenges the initial stop of the car and the search and seizure of the brown bag and its contents.
Because the defendant failed to preserve this claim at trial by filing a motion to suppress, he requests review under the bypass rule of State v. Evans, 165 Conn. 61, 70, 327 A.2d 576 (1973), as reformulated in State v. Golding, 213 Conn. 233, 567 A.2d 823 (1989). We decline to review this claim because the defendant has not satisfied the first prong of Golding, namely, that the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error. State v. Golding, supra, 239-40.
A stop for investigative purposes is justified under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), when police have a reasonable and articulable suspicion that the person is engaged or about to be engaged in criminal activity. See State v. Aillon, 202 Conn. 385, 399, 521 A.2d 555 (1987). Whether there is a reasonable and articulable suspicion depends on the totality of the circumstances. Id. When police reasonably believe that the person is armed, the officers may “pat down” the person for weapons and, if it is a car stop, search the passenger compartment for weapons. Michigan v. Long, 463 U.S. 1032, 103 S.Ct. 3469, 77 L.Ed.2d 1201 (1983); State v. D’Ambrosio, 14 Conn. App. 309, 541 A.2d 880 (1988), rev’d, 212 Conn. 50, 561 A.2d 422 (1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 1063, 110 S.Ct. 880, 107 L.Ed.2d 963 (1990).
Page 354
In addition, if “`the officer’s suspicions are further aroused, the stop may be prolonged and the scope enlarged as required by the circumstances.'” State v. Aillon, supra, 401.
The defendant in this case has failed to provide us with any record of the basis for the “suspicious vehicle” dispatch that led to the stop of the car in which he was a passenger. As a result, we cannot determine whether the stop and ensuing police investigation, which included the search and seizure of the brown bag and its contents, were valid under Terry v. Ohio, supra. Therefore, because the defendant cannot satisfy the first prong of Golding, we decline to review this claim.
III
The defendant next claims that the trial court should not have allowed the jury to be told at the start of trial that he was charged as a person who is not drug-dependent. Again, because this claim was not preserved at trial, the defendant seeks review under State v. Evans, supra, and State v. Golding, supra.
The following additional facts are necessary to our discussion of this issue. Before any evidence was presented, the court clerk read the information to the jury. The information charged the defendant with possession of cocaine with intent to sell at a time when he “was not a drug-dependent person.”
After the state closed its case, the defendant did not present any evidence. Accordingly, the trial court correctly concluded that the defendant had failed to meet his burden of introducing “some substantial evidence tending to prove his drug dependency.” State v. Luca, 19 Conn. App. 688 [19 Conn. App. 668], 671, 563 A.2d 752 (1989); see also State v. Januszewski, 182 Conn. 142, 169, 438 A.2d 679 (1980), cert. denied, 453 U.S. 922, 101 S.Ct. 3159, 69 L.Ed.2d 1005 (1981). Because the defendant had
Page 355
failed to meet this burden, the state was not required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was not drug-dependent, and was instead entitled to rely on a presumption that the defendant was not drug-dependent. State v. Luca, supra. As the issue of drug dependence was no longer before the jury, the trial court properly allowed the state to amend the information, deleting the reference to drug dependency, and did not instruct the jury on drug dependency. State v. Vaughn, 20 Conn. App. 386, 390, 567 A.2d 392 (1989).
During its deliberations, the jury sent out a note to the trial court asking: “At the opening of the trial the court stated that Mr. Ober was being tried as a `nonuser’ of dependency producing drugs (or words to that effect). (1) May we hear that portion again? (2) Does that statement indicate that Mr. Ober is not a cocaine user?”
In response to their first request, the trial court instructed the jurors to disregard the information that had been read to them at the beginning of the trial and to focus instead on the amended information. The court reminded the jury that the amended information was not to be used as evidence of the defendant’s guilt. The trial court then told the jurors that, in light of its response to their first inquiry, their second question was moot. Finally, the court reminded the jurors that their duty was to find the facts from the evidence presented.[2]
Page 356
The defendant claims that the reading of the information at the start of trial confused the jury, and that this confusion was not cured by the trial court’s supplemental instructions. The defendant has failed to demonstrate, however, that this claim is “of constitutional magnitude alleging the violation of a fundamental right.” State v. Golding, supra, 239. He challenges only the reading of the information at the start of the trial, a procedure routinely adopted and designed to aid jurors in their assimilation of the evidence presented to them. In addition, the trial court, in response to the jurors’ inquiry, properly drew their attention to the amended information, making an answer to their second request unnecessary. Therefore, we decline to review this claim.
IV
The defendant next challenges the trial court’s admission into evidence of Bennett’s statement to police that he was going to the Cromwell Burger King. The defendant also claims that the state’s attorney committed prosecutorial misconduct when he argued to the jury that Bennett’s statement showed the defendant’s consciousness of guilt.
At trial, Clayton testified over the defendant’s objection that Bennett, in response to the officer’s question, told Clayton that he was going to the Cromwell Burger King. Clayton also testified that Bennett’s answer “didn’t sit very well” with him and caused him to continue his investigation. In conjunction with overruling
Page 357
the defendant’s objection that the testimony was hearsay, the trial court later instructed the jury that Bennett’s statement was to be used not for its truth but only to show its effect on Clayton, the hearer, and to explain his subsequent actions.
It is axiomatic that an out-of-court statement that is not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted therein is not hearsay. State v. Alvarez, 216 Conn. 301, 310, 579 A.2d 515 (1990); State v. Hull, 210 Conn. 481, 498-99, 556 A.2d 154 (1989). A statement that is offered not for its truth but to show its effect on the hearer, therefore, is not hearsay. State v. Alvarez, supra, State v. Hull, supra, 499-500; State v. Silveira, 198 Conn. 454, 473, 503 A.2d 599
(1986). Because Bennett’s statement was admitted into evidence for this limited purpose, the testimony was not hearsay.
The defendant seeks review of his unpreserved claim of prosecutorial misconduct under the bypass rule of Evans and Golding. This court will review such claims only when the claimed misconduct is blatantly egregious and shows a pattern of conduct repeated throughout the trial. State v. Somerville, 214 Conn. 378, 393, 572 A.2d 944 (1990); State v. Rogers, 207 Conn. 646, 654, 542 A.2d 1136 (1988); State v. Williams, 204 Conn. 523, 539, 529 A.2d 653 (1987).
In this case, the defendant challenges the state’s attribution of Bennett’s statement to the defendant to show his consciousness of guilt.[3] The prosecuting attorney’s comment, made during closing argument, was fleeting at best and is neither blatantly egregious nor part of a pattern of misconduct. Accordingly, we decline to review this claim.
Page 358
V
The defendant next challenges the trial court’s instructions on reasonable doubt. Specifically, he claims that the court improperly instructed the jury that “if all of the evidence has been impartially and thoroughly reviewed by you and it produces in your mind a settled and abided belief that you would be willing to act upon in matters of the highest importance relative to your own affairs, then in that event you would be free from a reasonable doubt and should declare the defendant to be guilty.”
Once again, the defendant seeks review of this unpreserved claim under State v. Evans, supra, and State v. Golding, supra. We find that the defendant has not satisfied the third prong of Golding, namely, that the alleged constitutional violation clearly exists and clearly deprived the defendant of a fair trial. State v. Golding, supra, 240.
In reviewing a constitutionally based challenge to the court’s instructions to the jury, we must examine the charge as a whole to determine whether it is reasonably possible that the jury was misled by the challenged instruction. State v. Snook, 210 Conn. 244, 275-76, 555 A.2d 390, cert. denied, 492 U.S. 924, 109 S.Ct. 3258, 106 L.Ed.2d 603 (1989); State v. Bailey, 209 Conn. 322, 338, 551 A.2d 1206 (1988). The defendant in this case objects only to one sentence in the trial court’s instructions on reasonable doubt. “Even if the phrase were incorrect, one single misstatement in the context of an otherwise appropriate charge can be overlooked.” State v. Kelly, 23 Conn. App. 160, 166, 580 A.2d 520 (1990).
When taken as a whole, the trial court’s instructions on reasonable doubt gave the jurors a clear understanding
Page 359
of the state’s burden of proof.[4] Thus, it is not reasonably possible that the jury was misled by the court’s charge.
VI
The defendant’s final claim is that the trial court improperly allowed the state’s attorney to retain a copy of the presentence investigation report (PSI) in
Page 360
violation of Practice Book 916 and 917.[5] Although the defendant failed to preserve this claim at trial, we review his claim under the plain error doctrine. Practice Book 4185.
Our decision in this case is controlled by this court’s recent ruling in State v. Cofield, 22 Conn. App. 10, 576 A.2d 156, cert. granted, 215 Conn. 813, 576 A.2d 542
(1990). At the sentencing hearing in Cofield, the state argued that it should be allowed to keep a copy of the defendant’s PSI because the majority of people sentenced in Connecticut return to the court on other charges and because of the possibility of the defendant’s future parole violations or sentence reviews. This
Page 361
court rejected the state’s argument and held that “in order to invoke the exception to nonaccess found in 916, a requesting party must make a showing of need particular to the case before it.” Id., 24.
In the present case, the state made no showing at all, particular to the case or not, of its need to keep a copy of the defendant’s PSI. In fact, the trial court itself initiated the request to retain the PSI.[6] The state argues on appeal, however, that such a showing was not required because the trial court was authorized to allow the retention of defendant’s PSI by Practice Book 917(7), which mandates that such reports be available at all times to “[a]ny court of proper jurisdiction where it is relevant to any proceeding before such court” and upon court order to “counsel for the parties for the purpose of such proceeding . . . .” Contrary to the state’s argument, however, nothing in 917 authorizes the court to allow the state to keep a copy of the defendant’s PSI on the court’s own motion. Therefore, because the request to retain a copy of the defendant’s PSI was initiated in this case not by the state but by the court, we find that the trial court improperly excused the state from making a showing of need as required by State v. Cofield, supra.
The judgment is reversed in part and the case is remanded with direction to order the prosecuting attorney to return all copies of the defendant’s PSI. The judgment is affirmed in all other respects.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
Page 362